Governments pay more to borrow just as defence and energy claim the room they had left.
Three shifts will shape public budgets and the firms that depend on them over the next two years: higher sovereign borrowing costs, the squeeze from defence and energy support, and new terms for how governments buy AI. Each one has already moved money or contracts this autumn.
The CEO page · three shifts, what they mean, what to decide
01Interest
Long-term government borrowing costs have climbed to their highest in two decades or more.
02Budgets
Defence and energy support are taking the fiscal room that was left.
03AI